Telugu, Kannada, Malayalam and Tamil are related languages belonging to one Dravidian family.

Telugu, Kannada, Malayalam and Tamil are related languages belonging to one Dravidian family. Together with another 20 languages, they have evolved from a common ancestral language labeled as Proto-Dravidian.

EARLY SOUTHERN INDIANS

Early Indians were the aboriginal tribes, who spoke various Austro-Asiatic languages. They were the original hunter-gatherers of Southern India, who were assimilated into the mainstream population. These people have left their foot prints among all South Indian languages.

All Dravidian languages still share a common word for hunting derived from Veddah tribe (veta in Telugu). South India was populated by several such Austro-Asiatic tribes. Many of our words for flora and fauna have Austro-Asiatic origins

Veddahs with their primitive weapons. Once their ancestors have populated the entire southern India. Image source: Veddahs with their primitive weapons in Ceylon

New Immigrants to Southern India

Around 2,500 BCE, these Austro-Asiatic people were gradually displaced by a new culture. Unlike the hunter-gatherers, these new comers were semi-nomads and animal herders, probably cultivated jowar, ragi, bajra like millets as well.

Their earliest pottery and ground axes in South India date to 3,000 BCE. There is archaeo-botanical evidence for cultivation, from 2,200 BCE, while they probably domesticated cattle, sheep and goats before 2,600 BCE.

Ash Mound Culture

These semi-nomads have created their own unique culture, called the Ash Mound culture. A particularly distinctive aspect of this ancient culture are “ashmound” sites which consist of large heaped accumulations of ash and vitrified material, which are now generally accepted as having originated from burnt cattle dung.

The petroglyphs are works of rock art found in Anantapur, Kurnool of AP and Bellary districts of Karnataka, India. Thousands of petroglyphs have been found, which date to the neolithic or even the old stone age.

Rock paintings at Ketavaram hill range in Kurnool district (AP), Image source: Pre-historic paintings under threat, HINDU Nov.7, 2007

ORIGIN OF DRAVIDIAN LANGUAGES

Ancestors to Ash Mound people spoke a common language labeled as Proto-Dravidian. These ancestors came to South India as a small band of nomads and initially settled along lower Godavari basin in the map below. The river name itself has Dravidian origins.

The red outlined region below has the maximum diversity of Dravidian languages and hence it is the most probable origin of Proto-Dravidian language. Origin is the geographical region of maximum cluster of languages . (Read “Proto-Dravidian Agriculture” by F C Southworth). Read about Dravidian Home land Urheimat - Wikipedia

Image source: Encyclopedia Britannica, Dravidian languages

The lower Godavari Dravidian Home land (Urheimat - Wikipedia) theory of F C Southworth, is now confirmed by the finding of a high frequency of rare Y-DNA haplogroup-T in the coastal Andhra belt. This rare haplogroup-T is associated with the neolithic farmers of Mesopotamia. For details please read, Genetics and the Afro-Dravidian Hypothesis

Geographical Expansion

Oldest languages are closest to lower Godavari basin (red outlined). As the population increased, proto-Dravidians began to expand into the neighboring regions. Rivers were the source of livelihood for these semi-nomads, so they expanded and settled along river banks of Godavari, Krishna, Tungabadra and Kaveri and spread out into farthest corners of Southern India and along the western coast line into Maharashtra and Gujarat.

Zdenek Burian: A neolithic settlement, Image Source: BIOMBO HISTÓRICO: ENLACES PARA ESTUDIAR EL NEOLÍTICO

Those who settled along lower Krishna basin became the ancestors to TELUGU speakers. Next, those who expanded westwards along the upper Krishna and Tungabadra into Karnataka became the ancestors to KANNADA speakers. Those who expanded further west became MALAYALAM speakers and finally those who expanded along the Kaveri river became the ancestors to TAMILS.

Dravidian migration along the river routes from Andhra to Karnataka to Kerala and finally Tamil Nadu. Image source: South India Fertility Project

As they expanded, they got geographically isolated from each other and came into contact Austro-Asiatic tribes. Their languages evolved into different dialects that ultimately became distinct languages.

CONCLUSIONS

Proto-Dravidian speakers first settled along the lower Godavari basin, next they further expanded along the river routes of Krishna, Tungabadra and Kaveri, gradually displacing the aboriginal Austro-Asiatic tribes. TELUGU ancestors settled along the lower Krishna basin to emerge as a distinct language. Others have further expanded along upper Krishna into Karnataka, westwards to reach Kerala, then southwards along the Kaveri to reach Tamil Nadu. Isolated from each others by mountain ranges and forests, KANNADA, MALAYALAM and TAMIL became distinct languages. Lower Godavari homeland is genetically associated with the Neolitihic farmers from Mesopotamia, as found from the high occurrence of Y-DNA haplogroup-T in coastal Andhra.